Understanding the Intergenerational Transmission of Trauma in the Türkiye Context: A Systematic Review
Intergenerational Transmission of Trauma in the Türkiye Context
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.63175/tjts.27Keywords:
Intergenerational Trauma, Intergenerational Transmission, Trauma, Trauma TransmissionAbstract
Intergenerational transmission of trauma is defined as the conscious or unconscious reflection of the impact of trauma within a family, passed down to the next generation. Researchers began investigating the mechanism of intergenerational trauma transmission after the Holocaust. Since then, the trauma literature has examined the intergenerational effects of traumatic experiences such as wars, forced migrations, and terrorist attacks. This article aims to examine the important concept of intergenerational trauma transmission in the context of Türkiye. Many events in Türkiye have the potential to cause intergenerational trauma. Wars, terrorist incidents, military coups, migration, and earthquakes are prevalent and traumatic. Given Türkiye's location in an area where traumatic experiences are common, it is important to understand the events that may cause intergenerational trauma there. For this purpose, war, terrorism, massacres, and forced migration events that may cause intergenerational trauma in Türkiye were discussed within the scope of a systematic review. The PRISMA method was followed for this systematic review. Articles and theses were reviewed in the Web of Science, Dergipark, Google Scholar, and YÖK Thesis databases. The search identified 58 studies investigating the concept of intergenerational trauma in Türkiye. Ten studies were included in the systematic review as a result of the PRISMA method. As a result of a systematic review, findings from studies conducted in Türkiye show that traumatic experiences can be transmitted across generations, and their psychopathological reflections can continue into the second and third generations. In conclusion, this article presents a fresh perspective on intergenerational trauma in Türkiye and offers insights for future empirical studies.
References
1. Nijenhuis ER & Van der Hart O. Dissociation in trauma: A new definition and comparison with previous formulations. Journal of Trauma and Dissociation. 2011;12:416-445. https://doi.org/10.1080/15299732.2011.570592
2. Saporta JA & Van der Kolk BA. Psychobiological consequences of severe trauma. Başoğlu, M. editors. Torture and its consequences: Current treatment approaches. Cambridge University Press. 1992:151-181.
3. van der Kolk BA & McFarlane A. The black hole of trauma. van der Kolk BA, McFarlane A, & Weisaeth L, editors. Traumatic Stress: the effects of overwhelming experience on mind, body and society. Guilford Press. 2007:3-23.
4. Janoff-Bulman R. Shattered assumptions: Towards a new psychology of trauma. New York: Free Press.1992.
5. Lopez, C. The struggle for wholeness: addressing individual and collective trauma in violence–ridden societies. Explore. 2011;7(5):300-313. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.explore.2011.06.001
6. Dalgaard NT, Todd BK, Daniel SI, & Montgomery E. (2016). The transmission of trauma in refugee families: Associations between intra-family trauma communication style, children’s attachment security and psychosocial adjustment. Attach Hum Dev. 2016;18:69-89. https://doi.org/10.1080/14616734.2015.1113305
7. Lee J, Kwak YS, Kim YJ, Kim EJ, Park EJ, Shin Y et al. Transgenerational transmission of trauma: Psychiatric evaluation of offspring of former “Comfort Women,” Survivors of the Japanese Military Sexual Slavery during World War II. Psychiatry Investigation. 2019; 16(3):249-253. https://doi.org/10.30773/pi.2019.01.21
8. Vaage AB, Thomsen P, Rousseau C, Wentzel-Larsen T, Thong T & Hauff E. Paternal predictors of the mental health of children of Vietnamese refugees. Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health. 2011;5(1):2. https://doi.org/10.1186/1753-2000-5-2
9. Dekel R & Goldblatt H. Is there intergenerational transmission of trauma? The case of combat veterans’ children. Am J Orthopsychiatry. 2008;78:281-289. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0013955
10. van der Kolk, BA. The body keeps the score: Memory and the evolving psychobiology of posttraumatic stress. Harvard Review of Psychiatry. 1994;1(5):253-265. https://doi.org/10.3109/10673229409017088
11. Klein, PF. Dominant attitudes of adult children of Holocaust survivors toward their parents. Wilson JP & Kahana B, editors. Human adaptation to extreme stress. Plenum. 1988:193-217. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-0786-8_9
12. Lyons-Ruth K & Block D. The disturbed caregiving system: Relations among childhood trauma, maternal caregiving, and infant affect and attachment. Infant Mental Health Journal. 1996;17:257–275. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1097-0355(199623)17:3<257::AID-IMHJ5>3.0.CO;2-L
13. Bar-On D, Eland J., Kleber RJ, Krell R, Moore Y, Sagi A, ... & Van Ijzendoorn MH. Multigenerational perspectives on coping with the Holocaust experience: An attachment perspective for understanding the developmental sequelae of trauma across generations. International Journal of Behavioral Development. 1998;22(2),315-338. https://doi.org/10.1080/016502598384397
14. Sigal JJ, Silver D, Rakoff V, & Ellin B. Some second-generation effects of survival of the Nazi persecution. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry. 1973;43(3):320–327. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1939-0025.1973.tb00801.x
15. Levine J. Working with victims of persecution: Lessons from Holocaust survivors. Social work. 2001;46(4): 350-360. https://doi.org/10.1093/sw/46.4.350
16. Felsen I. & Shmuel EH. (1990). Identification patterns of offspring of Holocaust survivors with their parents. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry. 1990;60(4):506-520. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0079205
17. Hoffman E. After such knowledge: memory, history and the legacy of the Holocaust. New York: Public Affairs. 2003
18. Bar-On D. Fear and hope: Three generations of Israeli families of Holocaust survivors. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. 1995. https://doi.org/10.4159/harvard.9780674418912
19. Daud A, Skoglund E, Rydelius PA. Children in families of torture victims: transgenerational transmission of parents’ traumatic experiences to their children. International Journal of Social Welfare. 2005;14: 23–32. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2397.2005.00336.x
20. Yehuda R, Bell A, Bierer LM, & Schmeidler J. Maternal, not paternal, PTSD is related to increased risk for PTSD in offspring of Holocaust survivors. Journal of Psychiatric Research. 2008;42:1104-1111. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2008.01.002
21. Wiseman H. On failed intersubjectivity: Recollections of loneliness experiences in offspring of Holocaust survivors. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry. 2008;78(3):350–358. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0014197.
22. Fossion P, Leys C, Vandeleur C, Kempenaers C, Braun S, Verbanck P, & Linkowski P. Transgenerational transmission of trauma in families of Holocaust survivors: The consequences of extreme family functioning on resilience, Sense of Coherence, anxiety and depression. Journal of Affective Disorder. 2014;171:48-53. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2014.08.054
23. Wiseman H, Metzl E, & Barber JP. Anger, guilt, and intergenerational communication of trauma in the interpersonal narratives of second generation Holocaust survivors. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry. 2006;76(2):176-184. https://doi.org/10.1037/0002-9432.76.2.176
24. Nadler A, Kav-Venaki S, & Gleitman B. (1985). Transgenerational effects of the Holocaust: Externalization of aggression in second generation of Holocaust survivors. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology. 1985;53:365-369. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-006X.53.3.365
25. Katz C, & Keleman F. The children of Holocaust survivors: Issues of separation. Journal of Jewish Communial Service. 1981;57:257-263.
26. Eitinger L. Pathology of the concentration camp syndrome. Archives of General Psychiatry. 1961;5:371-379. https://doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.1961.01710160051006
27. Kellerman NP. Transmission of Holocaust trauma- An integrative view. Psychiatry: Interpersonal and Biological Processes. 2001;64(3):256-267. https://doi.org/10.1521/psyc.64.3.256.18464
28. Kogan I. The cry of mute children. Free Association Books. 1995.
29. Felsen I. (1998). Transgenerational transmission of effects of the Holocaust: The North American research perspective. Danieli Y, editör. International handbook of multigenerational legacies of trauma. The Plenum series on stress and coping. Plenum. 1998:43-68. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-5567-1_3
30. Bako T & Zana K. Transgenerational trauma and therapy: The transgenerational atmosphere. New York: Routledge. 2020. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003015840
31. Rosenman S. & Handelsman I. Identity as a legacy of the holocaust: Encountering a survivor’s narrative. The Journal of Psychohistory. 1990;18(1):35-69.
32. Rowland-Klein D & Dunlop R. The transmission of trauma across generations: identification with parental trauma in children of Holocaust survivors. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry. 1997;32:358-369. https://doi.org/10.3109/00048679809065528
33. Danieli Y. Intergenerational handbook of multigenerational legacies of trauma. Plenum. 1998. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-5567-1
34. Wiseman H, Barberb JP, Raza A, Yama I, Foltzb C, & Livne-Snira S. Parental communication of Holocaust experiences and interpersonal patterns in offspring of Holocaust survivors. International Journal of Behavioral Development. 2002;26(4):371-381. https://doi.org/10.1080/01650250143000346
35. Barnes HL, & Olson DH. Parent–adolescent communication and the circumplex model. Child Development. 1985;56:438–447. https://doi.org/10.2307/1129732
36. Daley TC. Perceptions and congruence of symptoms and communication among second-generation Cambodian youth and parents: A matched-control design. Child Psychiatry Human Development. 2006;37:38-53. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10578-006-0018-5
37. Field NP, Moung S, & Sochanvimean V. Parental styles in the ıntergenerational transmission of trauma stemming from the Khmer Rouge regime in Cambodia. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry. 2013;83(4):483-494. https://doi.org/10.1111/ajop.12057
38. Steinberg, A. Holocaust survivors and their children: a review of the clinical literature. Marcus P, Rosenberg A, editors. Hcalini; their wounds: psychotherapy with Holocaust survivors and their families. Praeger. 1989:23-48.
39. Halik V, Rosenthal DA, & Pattison PE. Intergenerational effects of the Holocaust: Patterns of engagement in the mother‐daughter relationship. Family Process. 1990;29(3):325-339. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1545-5300.1990.00325.x
40. Mazor A, & Tal I. Intergenerational transmission: the individuation process and the capacity for intimacy of adult children of Holocaust survivors. Contemporary Family Therapy. 1996;18(1):95-113. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02196853
41. Chase ND. Burdened children: Theory, research, and treatment of parentification. Sage. 1999. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781452220604
42. Gampel Y. Thoughts about the transmission of conscious and unconscious knowledge to the generation born after the Shoah. Journal of Social Work and Policy in Israel. 1992;5(6):43-50.
43. Macfie J, Mcelwain NL, Houts RM, & Cox MJ. Intergenerational transmission of role reversal between parent and child: Dyadic and family systems internal working models. Attachment & Human Development. 2005;7(1):51-65. https://doi.org/10.1080/14616730500039663
44. Jacobvitz DB, & Bush NF. Reconstructions of family relationships: Parent child alliances, personal distress, and self-esteem. Developmental Psychology. 1996;32:732-743. https://doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.32.4.732
45. De Graaf TK. Pathological patterns of identification in families of survivors of the Holocaust. The Israel Annals of Psychiatry & Related Disciplines. 1975;13:335-363.
46. Sorscher N, & Cohen LJ. Trauma in children of Holocaust survivors: Transgenerational effects. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry. 1997;67(3):493-500. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0080250
47. Prager J. Lost childhood, lost generations: the intergenerational transmission of trauma. Journal Of Human Rights. 2003;2(2):173–181. https://doi.org/10.1080/1475483032000078161
48. Wardi D. Memorial candles: Children of the Holocaust. Routledge. 1992.
49. Bohleber, W. Remembrance, trauma and collective memory: The battle for memory in psychoanalysis. International Journal of Psychoanalysis. 2007;88:329-352. https://doi.org/10.1516/V5H5-8351-7636-7878
50. Miehls D, & Basham K. Object relations couple therapy with trauma survivors. Catherall DR editor. Handbook of stress, trauma, and the family. Brunner-Routledge. 2004:473-392.
51. Bowlby J. Attachment and loss: Vol. 3. Hogarth Press and the Institute of Psychoanalysis. 1980.
52. Mahler M, Pine F, & Bergman A. The psychological birth of the human infant: Symbiosis and individuation. Basic Books. 1975.
53. Bradfield B. The dissociation of lived experience: A relational psychoanalytic analysis of the intergenerational transmission of trauma. International Journal of Psychoanalytic Self Psychology. 2011;6(4):531-550. https://doi.org/10.1080/15551024.2011.606953
54. Reck C, Hunt A, Fuchs T, Weiss R, Noon A, & Moehler E. Interactive regulation of affect in postpartum depressed mothers and their infants: An overview. Psychopathology. 2004;37:272-280. https://doi.org/10.1159/000081983
55. Woodruff-Borden J, Morrow C, Bourland S, & Cambron S. The behavior of anxious parents: Examining mechanisms of transmission of anxiety from parent to child. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology. 2002;31:364-374. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15374424JCCP3103_08
56. Schechter DS, Coots T, Zeanah CH, Davies M, Coates SW, & Trabka KA. Maternal mental representations of the child in an inner-city clinical sample: Violence-related posttraumatic stress and reflective functioning. Attachment and Human Development. 2005;7:313-331. https://doi.org/10.1080/14616730500246011
57. Hesse E, & Main M. Frightened, threatening, and dissociative parental behavior in low-risk samples: Description, discussion, and interpretations. Development and Psychopathology. 2006;18(2): 309–343.https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954579406060172
58. Lambert JE, Gikzerm H, & Hasbun A. Association between parents’ PTSD severity and children’s psychological distress: A meta-analysis. J. Trauma Stress. 2014;27(1):9-17. https://doi.org/10.1002/jts.21891
59. Albeck JH. Intergenerational consequences of trauma: Reframing traps in treatment theory- A second-generation perspective. Williams EB & Sommer JFJ, editors. Handbook of Post-Traumatic Therapy. Greenwood Press. 1994:106-125.
60. Baranowsky AB, Young M, Johnson-Douglas S, Williams-Keeler L, & McCarrey M. PTSD transmission: A review of secondary traumatization in Holocaust survivor families. Canadian Psychology/ Psychologie Canadienne. 1998;39(4):247-256. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0086816
61. Salmon K, & Bryant RA. Posttraumatic stress disorder in children: The influence of developmental factors. Clinical Psychology Review. 2002;22:163-188. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0272-7358(01)00086-1
62. Harkness, L. The effect of combat-related PTSD on children. National Center for PTSD Clinical Quarterly. 1991;2:1–3.
63. Davies PT. Conceptual links between Byng-Hall’s theory of parentification and the emotional security hypothesis. Family Process. 2001;41:551–555. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1545-5300.2002.41317.x
64. Berger SS. Whose trauma is it anyway? Furthering our understanding of its intergenerational transmission. Journal of Infant, Child, and Adolescent Psychotherapy. 2014;13:169–181. https://doi.org/10.1080/15289168.2014.937975
65. Aker, AT, Sorgun E, Mestçioğlu Ö, Karakaya I, Kalender D, Acar G, & Acicbe Ö. İstanbul’daki bombalama eylemlerinin erişkin ve ergenlerdeki travmatik stres etkileri. Türk Psikoloji Dergisi. 2008;23(61): 63-71.
66. Cankardaş S, & Sofuoğlu Z. Deprem ya da yangın deneyimlemiş kişilerde travma sonrası stres bozukluğu belirtileri ve belirtilerin yordayıcıları. Turkish Journal of Psychiatry. 2019;30(3):151-156.
67. Eşsizoğlu,A, Yaşan A, Bülbül İ, Önal S, Yıldırım EA, & Aker T. Bir terörist saldırı sonrasında travma sonrası stres bozukluğu gelişimini etkileyen risk faktörleri. Türk Psikiyatri Dergisi. 2009;20(2):118-126.
68. Güloğlu B, & Karaırmak Ö. Güneydoğu gazilerinde travma sonrası stres bozukluğu gelişimi. Anatolian Journal of Psychiatry/Anadolu Psikiyatri Dergisi. 2013;14(3):237-244. https://doi.org/10.5455/apd.36696
69. Kardaş F, & Tanhan F. Van depremini yaşayan üniversite öğrencilerinin travma sonrası stres, travma sonrası büyüme ve umutsuzluk düzeylerinin incelenmesi. Van Yüzüncü Yıl Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi. 2018;15(1):1-36. https://doi.org/10.23891/efdyyu.2018.60
70. Kırman F. Deprem sonrası travmatik stres tepkileri ve sosyal medyada yansımaları. Antakiyat. 2023;6(1):15-30.
71. Kurt E, & Gülbahçe A. Van depremini yaşayan öğrencilerin travma sonrası stres bozukluğu düzeylerinin incelenmesi. Atatürk Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi. 2019;23(3):957-972.
72. Balcı A. Türkiye dış politikası, ilkeler, aktörler ve uygulamalar (3.baskı). Alfa Yayınevi. 2018.
73. Armaoğlu F. 20. yüzyıl siyasi tarihi (1914-1995). Kronik Kitap Yayınevi. 2019
74. Yıldırım İ. Çanakkale Muharabelerinde zaiyat ve zehirli-boğucu gaz kullanımı. Fırat Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi. 2016;26(1):261-275.
75. Şen Y. Terörün toplumlar üzerindeki sosyo-ekonomik etkilerine bakış: PKK terörü ve Ağrı gerçeği. Ağrı İbrahim Çeçen Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi. 2015;1(2):17-70.
76. Gümüş F, & Yiğitalp G. Uzun süreli terör eylemlerinin olduğu bölgede yaşayan veya tanık olan bireylerde travmatik stres, anksiyete ve depresif belirti sıklığı. Psikiyatri Hemşireliği Dergisi. 2020;11(1):28-34.
77. Özdemir B, Öznur T, Çelik C, & Özmenler KN. Güneydoğu gazileri ve travma sonrası stres bozuklugu/Southeast veterans and post-traumatic stress disorder. Anadolu Psikiyatri Dergisi. 2014;15(1):91-92. https://doi.org/10.17679/inuefd.1485794
78. Gültekin E, Ekici N, & Tepe F. Terör mağduru polislerde travma sonrası stres bozukluğu belirtilerinin değerlendirilmesi. Uluslararası Güvenlik ve Terörizm Dergisi. 2011;2(1):25-36.
79. D’Orsi L. Touching history and making community. The memory of the 1980 Turkish military coup in the 12 September Museum of Shame. History and Anthropology. 2019;30(5):644-667. https://doi.org/10.1080/02757206.2019.1650272
80. Uyar H. Türkiye’de askeri darbeler ve nedenleri üzerine bir analiz denemesi. Çağdaş Türkiye Tarihi Araştırmaları Dergisi. 2020;20(15 Temmuz):77-96.
81. İnsan Hakları Derneği. 12 Eylül karanlığına hayır! Erişim tarihi: 10 Haziran 2025. https://www.ihd.org.tr/12-eylul-karanligina-hayir/
82. Diyanet İşleri Başkanlığı. Türkiye'de dini hayat araştırması. (1. Baskı). Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı Yayınları. 2014.
83. Kieser HL. Dersim Massacre, 1937–1938. Online Encyclopedia of Mass Violence. 2011. http://www. sciencespo. fr/mass-violence-war-massacre-resistance/fr/node/3014.
84. Poyraz B. Bellek, hakikat, yüzleşme ve Alevi katliamları. Kültür ve iletişim. 2013;16(31):9-40.
85. Ayan VM. Sivas katliamı yas ve bellek. Mülkiye Dergisi. 2021;45(2):533-535.
86. Kandilli Rasathanesi. Türkiye’de yıkıcı depremler. Erişim tarihi: 18 Haziran 2025 http://www.koeri.boun.edu.tr/sismo/2/deprem-bilgileri/buyuk-depremler/
87. Page MJ, McKenzie JE, Bossuyt PM, Boutron I, Hoffmann TC, Mulrow CD, Shamseer L, Tetzlaff JM, Akl EA, Brennan SE, Chou R, Glanville J, Grimshaw JM, Hróbjartsson A, Lalu MM, Li T, Loder EW, Mayo-Wilson E, McDonald S, McGuinness LA, & Moher D.. The PRISMA 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews. BMJ. 2021;372(71). https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.n71
88. C. A. S. P. CASP checklists. Retrieved 12 Dec 2022 from. https://casp-uk.net/casp-tools-checklists/.
89. Ergin-Cemel G, & Karaosmanoğlu K. Paylaşılan travma olarak “Dersim 38”. Uluslararası Anadolu Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi. 2023;7(4),868-883. https://doi.org/10.47525/ulasbid.1358495
90. Erbekir B, & Direktör C. İkinci ve üçüncü kuşak Kıbrıslı Türklerde aktarılan psikolojik travma, psikolojik sağlamlık, kaygı ve obsesif kompulsif bozukluğun incelenmesi. Yaşam Becerileri Psikoloji Dergisi. 2024;8(15):51-66. https://doi.org/10.31461/ybpd.1425314
91. Hocaoğlu-Uzunkaya A, & Yılmaz B. Göçün kuşaklararası bağlamda psikopatolojik yansımaları. Studies in Psychology. 2021;41(1):167-197. https://doi.org/10.26650/SP2019-0079
92. Kizilhan JI, Noll-Hussong M, & Wenzel T. Transgenerational transmission of trauma across three generations of Alevi Kurds. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021;19(1):81-96. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19010081
93. Özcan NK, Boyacioğlu NE, Enginkaya S, Bilgin H, & Tomruk, NB. The relationship between attachment styles and childhood trauma: a transgenerational perspective – a controlled study of patients with psychiatric disorders. J Clin Nurs. 2016;25:2357-2366. https://doi.org/10.1111/jocn.13274
94. Özüorçun-Küçükertan N. Intergenerational transmission of maternal war-related trauma experiences to their offspring’s well-being among Turkish Cypriots: Mediator role of parenting styles. Doctoral Dissertation. Middle East Technical University; 2013.
95. Güngör A. Travmanın nesiller arası aktarımı: Marmara Depremi'nde hayatta kalanlarda bilişsel, duygusal ve davranışsal aktarım biçimlerinin incelenmesi. Yüksek Lisans Tezi. TED Üniversitesi; 2018.
96. Karaman H. (2023). Yetişkin erkek bireylerde kuşaklararası travma geçişi: Adli psikotravmatolojik bir değerlendirme. Doktora Tezi. İstanbul Üniversitesi-Cerahpaşa; 2023.
97. Derin G. Modern psikotravmatoloji ve dissoanaliz kuramı perspektifinden malul savaş ve malul terör gazilerinde aile dinamikleri ve psikopatolojik belirtiler: Kuşaklararası travma geçişi ve kuşaklararası dissosiyasyon aktarımı. Doktora Tezi. İstanbul Üniversitesi-Cerrahpaşa; 2023.
98. Erdoğan B. Göçmen kökenli üç kuşak kadın yetişkinde kuşaklaraşırı travma geçişi ve psikopatoloji aktarımı. Doktora Tezi. İstanbul Üniversitesi-Cerrahpaşa; 2024.
99. Bowen M. Family therapy in clinical practice. Jason Aronson. 1978.
100. Erkılıç H. 12 Eylül filmlerini yeniden düşünmek: Toplumsal travmadan toplumsal hicve. İlter T, Kara N, Atabey B, Arslan Y, & Orun M, editors. Communication in peace/conflict in communication. Eastern Mediterranean University Press. 2008:119-126.
101. Fırat S. 15 Temmuz darbe girişimi sonrası ruhsal sonuçlar ve ilişkili etkenlerin incelenmesi. Yüksek Lisans Tezi. İstanbul Bilgi Üniversitesi; 2019.
102. Tatlılıoğlu K. 15 Temmuz darbe girişiminin Türk toplumundaki post-travmatik etkileri üzerine genel bir değerlendirme. Bildiri Sunumu. Uluslararası Darbe Sempozyumu, Giresun; 2016.
103. Çelik F. Intergenerational transmission of trauma: The case of the Dersim Massacre 1937-38. Lavrijsa JA, & Bick, M, editors. Is this a Culture of Trauma? An Interdisciplinary Perspective. Brill. 2013:63-75. https://doi.org/10.1163/9781848881624_008
104. Çelik, F. The Alevi of Dersim: A Psychosocial Approach to the Effects of the Massacre, Time, and Space. Issa T, editör. Alevis in Europe: Voices of Migration, Culture, and Identity. Routladge. 2017; 46-68.
105. Çağatay A. Deprem sonrası travma, tükenmişlik ve yaşam doyumu üzerine bir araştırma. Akademik Yaklaşımlar Dergisi. 2024;15(1-Deprem Özel Sayısı-):724-745. https://doi.org/10.54688/ayd.1412823
106. Özçetin A, Maraş A, Ataoğlu A, & İçmeli C. Deprem sonucu gelişen travma sonrası stres bozukluğu ile kişilik bozuklukları arasında ilişki. Duzce Medical Journal. 2008;10(2):8-18.
107. Özdemir ND, & Atik S. Deprem sonrası gelişen travma sonrası stres bozukluğuna maruz kalan öğretmenlerin görüşleri. İnönü Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi. 2025;26(1):22-38. https://doi.org/10.17679/inuefd.1485794
108. Sakarya D, & Güneş C. Van depremi sonrasında travma sonrası stres bozukluğu belirtilerinin psikolojik dayanıklılık ile ilişkisi. Kriz Dergisi. 2013;21(1):25-32. https://doi.org/10.1501/Kriz_0000000335
109. Şahin D. Türkiye’de insan eliyle yapilan travmalara bağli psikiyatrik bozukluklarin boyutu. Kriz Dergisi. 1995;3(1):26-30. https://doi.org/10.1501/Kriz_0000000132
110. Yılmaz D, & Tathan-Bekaroğlu E. Ruh sağlığı çalışanlarında ikincil travmatik stress. Psikiyatride Güncel Yaklaşımlar. 2025;17(1):140-146. https://doi.org/10.18863/pgy.1433650
111. Türkiye İnsan Hakları Vakfı. Türkiye’de sürmekte olan toplumsal travma ile başetmede ilk adımlar. Türkiye İnsan Hakları Vakfı Yayınları, 2012.
112. Varlık AB. Savaşı tanımlamak: Terminolojik bir yaklaşım. Avrasya Terim Dergisi. 2013;1(2): 114-129.
113. Salman S. Terörizm: Kavramsal bir çerçeve. Uluslararası Beşeri ve Sosyal Bilimler İnceleme Dergisi. 2021;5(1): 35-58.
114. Cansever N. Askeri darbe (Military Coup). Kamu Yönetimi Ansiklopedisi 2. Cilt, 2021.
115. Shalev AY., Rivka TM, & Hilit H. Posttraumatic stress disorder as a result of mass trauma. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 2004;65: 4-10.
116. Öztürk E, & Şar V. The “Apparently normal” family'. Journal of Trauma Practice. 2006;4(3):287-.303
117. Danieli Y, Norris FH, Engdahl B. Multigenerational legacies of trauma: Modeling the what and how of transmission. Am J Orthopsychiatry. 2016;86(6):639-651. https://doi.org/10.1037/ort0000145
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2025 Özgür Tönbül
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
